Communities

Writing
Writing
Codidact Meta
Codidact Meta
The Great Outdoors
The Great Outdoors
Photography & Video
Photography & Video
Scientific Speculation
Scientific Speculation
Cooking
Cooking
Electrical Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Judaism
Judaism
Languages & Linguistics
Languages & Linguistics
Software Development
Software Development
Mathematics
Mathematics
Christianity
Christianity
Code Golf
Code Golf
Music
Music
Physics
Physics
Linux Systems
Linux Systems
Power Users
Power Users
Tabletop RPGs
Tabletop RPGs
Community Proposals
Community Proposals
tag:snake search within a tag
answers:0 unanswered questions
user:xxxx search by author id
score:0.5 posts with 0.5+ score
"snake oil" exact phrase
votes:4 posts with 4+ votes
created:<1w created < 1 week ago
post_type:xxxx type of post
Search help
Notifications
Mark all as read See all your notifications »
Q&A

What does ${2-} mean in bash?

+2
−0

I came across this in a bash script:

excludes+=("${2-}")

What is the meaning of ${2-}?

History
Why does this post require attention from curators or moderators?
You might want to add some details to your flag.
Why should this post be closed?

1 comment thread

Ideal answer would point to GNU Bash Manual (1 comment)

1 answer

+1
−0

The dash, -, is part of a Parameter Expansion syntax that tells Bash to check for existence of the preceding parameter, a.k.a. whether it is "set", substituting whatever follows if it isn't. For the particular case of ${2-}, an empty string will be substituted if the second positional parameter doesn't exist.

From the previously linked online Bash Manual:

if the colon is included, the operator tests for both parameter’s existence and that its value is not null; if the colon is omitted, the operator tests only for existence.

So ${2-} means the same thing as ${2}, except that Bash will test for existence of that parameter thanks to the presence of -. If a colon were included as well, e.g. ${2:-}, Bash would additionally check that the value of the parameter is not null.

unset v
echo "${v-hi}"
echo "${v:-hi}"
v=""
echo "${v-hi}"
echo "${v:-hi}"
v=123
echo "${v-hi}"
echo "${v:-hi}"

# OUTPUT:
# > this_script.sh
# hi
# hi
#        <- empty string
# hi
# 123
# 123

NOTE: This syntax is very similar to a particular Substring Expansion syntax: ${parameter:offset}. If your offset is negative, you must include a leading space to disambiguate from the Parameter Expansion syntax.

unset string
echo "${string:-3}"
echo "${string: -3}"
string=abcdefg
echo "${string:-3}"
echo "${string: -3}"

# OUTPUT:
# > this_script.sh
# 3          <- alternative "3"
#            <- substring of an empty string
# abcdefg    <- alternative "3" not needed since string is set and not null
# efg        <- substring, last three characters

As for ${2} itself: It simply refers to the second Positional Parameter, whether a parameter of the script itself, or of a local function. In this case, since it's a single digit, it is equivalent to $2.

# Second argument to the script
echo "$2"

func() {
    # Second argument to a function
    echo "$2"
}

func x y

# OUTPUT:
# > this_script.sh a b
# b
# y

In the example you gave, it seems the intent is to append the second argument to the array called "excludes", or append an empty string if there is no second argument. In other words, whether the argument is omitted or specified as an empty string, the result will be the same.

History
Why does this post require attention from curators or moderators?
You might want to add some details to your flag.

1 comment thread

"check" how exactly? (2 comments)

Sign up to answer this question »