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How to debug audio issues with JACK on Linux

I am trying to debug an [issue](https://github.com/musescore/MuseScore/issues/11220) with audio playback in [MuseScore](https://musescore.org/en).
During this process, I realised that I had/have no clue about audio playback in Linux (or in general for that matter).

I already learned about the differences between ALSA and Pipewire (or PulseAudio for that matter) and what JACK is supposed to do (I think).
However, I am not sure if everything (or anything) is configured correctly.

Before this issue I never had any issues with audio playback and I assume my system must have been in a default configuration state.
The main clue for the MuseScore issue is an error of the form "audio output open failed."
In an attempt to pin the issue down, I learned about `aplay` and discovered that this did not work out-of-the-box.
For some reason `aplay` tried to use my USB Microphone as the default playback device and failed (unsurprisingly).

After adding a configuration file under `/etc/asound.conf` specifying the soundcard (of the motherboard) should be used as default, things seemed to work.
However, after a restart and attempting playback in MuseScore, I learned that I had opened the gates to hell.
Although I believe I perceived some traces of what I expected to hear, I was treated with noise that was way louder and lasted longer than necessary.
This latter is to be taken literally: it didn't stop immediately when I paused but went on for multiple seconds.

Due to the mentions of JACK in the issue thread on Github, I wanted to repeat the `aplay` experiments with JACK.
I quickly learned that I could use `aplay -D jack` to play through JACK (after I started a JACK server of course).
The JACK server was started using the command `jackd -r -d alsa -d hw:1,0`, where `hw:1,0` specifies my sound card.
This seemed to be necessary because JACK seems to ignore the ALSA default.
This is the point where I was again met with a sequence of problems:
 1. Playback of my 16-bit/44.1kHz `test.wav` file failed because JACK only seems to support 32-bit.
 2. After creating a 32-bit version of the file, I got stuttering audio with a warning about a sample rate mismatch.
 3. The warning suggested to use `aplay -D plug:jack` instead, which resulted in (differently) stuttering audio without a warning. I also tried to play the original 16-bit file out of curiosity and this also worked (with stuttering).

I have been spending more time than I care to admit to figure all of this out.
Although I managed to get sound out of JACK, it is pretty useless in its current state.
Therefore, I suspect that I am missing some crucial insight(s).
Am I using JACK in the wrong way, is it just a matter of configuration or are there better ways to debug audio issues?
I am open to any suggestions, hints or insights!