Linux Systems

#9: Post edited by

Michael‭ · 2024-02-14T20:46:03Z (2 months ago)
Yet more ASCII chart tweaking

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[Grove's answer][grove] is likewise good, but OpenSSH introduced `ProxyJump` (`-J`) in 2016 [with v7.3][openssh-7.3], making it even easier to chain SSH hosts together:
```bash
ssh -J user@interstitial.example me@destination.example
```
"Real" port forwarding like [Canina's answer][canina] still has important uses,[^1] but chaining SSH hops doesn't have to be done that way.
## Permanent config
Since access for most people doesn't change very often, it's nice to keep the details on disk. You can set them up in _~/.ssh/config_ like this:
```bash
Host interstitial jumper # any number of aliases
HostName interstitial.example
User user
Host destination # again, any number of aliases
HostName destination.example
User me
ProxyJump interstitial # any alias of the jump host
```
and just run
```bash
ssh destination
```
And all of the connection info is handled for you. If the ports are not the default 22, you can add them to the config. Also, SSH tab-completes hosts in your config file, so you can probably just run `ssh de`\<TAB\>\<RETURN\>.
If multiple hops are required to reach the destination, just add an entry for each of them in _~/.ssh/config_ with a `ProxyJump` for the previous hop. You can also do multiple hops with `-J` by comma-separating them.
## Diagram
It's worth noting that all the SSH sessions with `ProxyJump` are direct from _your_ computer to each remote computer, no matter how many hops it takes. Tunnels are nested, not link-to-link. You don't need to forward your SSH agent.
```
~~+-----+______________________________+--------------+ +-------------+~~
~~| |=========nested=tunnel=to=destination===========| |~~
~~| |__ __| | | |~~
~~| You | \ tunnel to interstitial / | Interstitial | | Destination |~~
~~+-----+ \______________________/ +--------------+ +-------------+~~
```
[^1]: If you want local access to non-SSH resources available from the destination, you can do that. Add a `LocalForward` option on the destination server's config, which will bring them through the tunnel back to your local computer.
[openssh-7.3]: https://www.openssh.com/txt/release-7.3
[grove]: https://linux.codidact.com/posts/282493/282528#answer-282528
[canina]: https://linux.codidact.com/posts/282493/282494#answer-282494

[Grove's answer][grove] is likewise good, but OpenSSH introduced `ProxyJump` (`-J`) in 2016 [with v7.3][openssh-7.3], making it even easier to chain SSH hosts together:
```bash
ssh -J user@interstitial.example me@destination.example
```
"Real" port forwarding like [Canina's answer][canina] still has important uses,[^1] but chaining SSH hops doesn't have to be done that way.
## Permanent config
Since access for most people doesn't change very often, it's nice to keep the details on disk. You can set them up in _~/.ssh/config_ like this:
```bash
Host interstitial jumper # any number of aliases
HostName interstitial.example
User user
Host destination # again, any number of aliases
HostName destination.example
User me
ProxyJump interstitial # any alias of the jump host
```
and just run
```bash
ssh destination
```
And all of the connection info is handled for you. If the ports are not the default 22, you can add them to the config. Also, SSH tab-completes hosts in your config file, so you can probably just run `ssh de`\<TAB\>\<RETURN\>.
If multiple hops are required to reach the destination, just add an entry for each of them in _~/.ssh/config_ with a `ProxyJump` for the previous hop. You can also do multiple hops with `-J` by comma-separating them.
## Diagram
It's worth noting that all the SSH sessions with `ProxyJump` are direct from _your_ computer to each remote computer, no matter how many hops it takes. Tunnels are nested, not link-to-link. You don't need to forward your SSH agent.
```
+-------+ .-----------. +----------------+ +---------------+
| |__/ tunnel to \__| | | |
| You | interstitial | Interstitial | | Destination |
| |========================================| |
| | nested tunnel to destination | |
| |========================================| |
| |-------------------| | | |
+-------+ +----------------+ +---------------+
```
[^1]: If you want local access to non-SSH resources available from the destination, you can do that. Add a `LocalForward` option on the destination server's config, which will bring them through the tunnel back to your local computer.
[openssh-7.3]: https://www.openssh.com/txt/release-7.3
[grove]: https://linux.codidact.com/posts/282493/282528#answer-282528
[canina]: https://linux.codidact.com/posts/282493/282494#answer-282494

#8: Post edited by

Michael‭ · 2024-02-14T20:16:35Z (2 months ago)
Better ascii art

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[Grove's answer][grove] is likewise good, but OpenSSH introduced `ProxyJump` (`-J`) in 2016 [with v7.3][openssh-7.3], making it even easier to chain SSH hosts together:
```bash
ssh -J user@interstitial.example me@destination.example
```
"Real" port forwarding like [Canina's answer][canina] still has important uses,[^1] but chaining SSH hops doesn't have to be done that way.
## Permanent config
Since access for most people doesn't change very often, it's nice to keep the details on disk. You can set them up in _~/.ssh/config_ like this:
```bash
Host interstitial jumper # any number of aliases
HostName interstitial.example
User user
Host destination # again, any number of aliases
HostName destination.example
User me
ProxyJump interstitial # any alias of the jump host
```
and just run
```bash
ssh destination
```
And all of the connection info is handled for you. If the ports are not the default 22, you can add them to the config. Also, SSH tab-completes hosts in your config file, so you can probably just run `ssh de`\<TAB\>\<RETURN\>.
If multiple hops are required to reach the destination, just add an entry for each of them in _~/.ssh/config_ with a `ProxyJump` for the previous hop. You can also do multiple hops with `-J` by comma-separating them.
## Diagram
It's worth noting that all the SSH sessions with `ProxyJump` are direct from _your_ computer to each remote computer, no matter how many hops it takes. Tunnels are nested, not link-to-link. You don't need to forward your SSH agent.
```
~~+-----+ .-------------------------. +--------------+ +-------------+~~
~~| You |<=========nested=tunnel=to=destination=========>| Destination |~~
~~+-----+ \ tunnel to interstitial >| Interstitial | +-------------+~~
`-------------------------` +--------------+
```
[^1]: If you want local access to non-SSH resources available from the destination, you can do that. Add a `LocalForward` option on the destination server's config, which will bring them through the tunnel back to your local computer.
[openssh-7.3]: https://www.openssh.com/txt/release-7.3
[grove]: https://linux.codidact.com/posts/282493/282528#answer-282528
[canina]: https://linux.codidact.com/posts/282493/282494#answer-282494

[Grove's answer][grove] is likewise good, but OpenSSH introduced `ProxyJump` (`-J`) in 2016 [with v7.3][openssh-7.3], making it even easier to chain SSH hosts together:
```bash
ssh -J user@interstitial.example me@destination.example
```
"Real" port forwarding like [Canina's answer][canina] still has important uses,[^1] but chaining SSH hops doesn't have to be done that way.
## Permanent config
Since access for most people doesn't change very often, it's nice to keep the details on disk. You can set them up in _~/.ssh/config_ like this:
```bash
Host interstitial jumper # any number of aliases
HostName interstitial.example
User user
Host destination # again, any number of aliases
HostName destination.example
User me
ProxyJump interstitial # any alias of the jump host
```
and just run
```bash
ssh destination
```
And all of the connection info is handled for you. If the ports are not the default 22, you can add them to the config. Also, SSH tab-completes hosts in your config file, so you can probably just run `ssh de`\<TAB\>\<RETURN\>.
If multiple hops are required to reach the destination, just add an entry for each of them in _~/.ssh/config_ with a `ProxyJump` for the previous hop. You can also do multiple hops with `-J` by comma-separating them.
## Diagram
It's worth noting that all the SSH sessions with `ProxyJump` are direct from _your_ computer to each remote computer, no matter how many hops it takes. Tunnels are nested, not link-to-link. You don't need to forward your SSH agent.
```
+-----+______________________________+--------------+ +-------------+
| |=========nested=tunnel=to=destination===========| |
| |__ __| | | |
| You | \ tunnel to interstitial / | Interstitial | | Destination |
+-----+ \______________________/ +--------------+ +-------------+
```
[^1]: If you want local access to non-SSH resources available from the destination, you can do that. Add a `LocalForward` option on the destination server's config, which will bring them through the tunnel back to your local computer.
[openssh-7.3]: https://www.openssh.com/txt/release-7.3
[grove]: https://linux.codidact.com/posts/282493/282528#answer-282528
[canina]: https://linux.codidact.com/posts/282493/282494#answer-282494

#7: Post edited by

Michael‭ · 2024-01-05T20:07:39Z (4 months ago)
Diagram

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[Grove's answer][grove] is likewise good, but OpenSSH introduced `ProxyJump` (`-J`) in 2016 [with v7.3][openssh-7.3], making it even easier to chain SSH hosts together:
```bash
ssh -J user@interstitial.example me@destination.example
```
Since access for most people doesn't change very often, it's nice to keep the details on disk. You can set them up in _~/.ssh/config_ like this:
```bash
Host interstitial jumper # any number of aliases
HostName interstitial.example
User user
Host destination # again, any number of aliases
HostName destination.example
User me
ProxyJump interstitial # any alias of the jump host
```
and just run
```bash
ssh destination
```
And all of the connection info is handled for you. If the ports are not the default 22, you can add them to the config. Also, SSH tab-completes hosts in your config file, so you can probably just run `ssh de`\<TAB\>\<RETURN\>.
If multiple hops are required to reach the destination, just add an entry for each of them in _~/.ssh/config_ with a `ProxyJump` for the previous hop. You can also do multiple hops with `-J` by comma-separating them.
~~"Real" port forwarding like [Canina's answer][canina] still has important uses,[^1] but chaining SSH hops doesn't have to be done that way.~~
[^1]: If you want local access to non-SSH resources available from the destination, you can do that. Add a `LocalForward` option on the destination server's config, which will bring them through the tunnel back to your local computer.
[openssh-7.3]: https://www.openssh.com/txt/release-7.3
[grove]: https://linux.codidact.com/posts/282493/282528#answer-282528
[canina]: https://linux.codidact.com/posts/282493/282494#answer-282494

[Grove's answer][grove] is likewise good, but OpenSSH introduced `ProxyJump` (`-J`) in 2016 [with v7.3][openssh-7.3], making it even easier to chain SSH hosts together:
```bash
ssh -J user@interstitial.example me@destination.example
```
"Real" port forwarding like [Canina's answer][canina] still has important uses,[^1] but chaining SSH hops doesn't have to be done that way.
## Permanent config
Since access for most people doesn't change very often, it's nice to keep the details on disk. You can set them up in _~/.ssh/config_ like this:
```bash
Host interstitial jumper # any number of aliases
HostName interstitial.example
User user
Host destination # again, any number of aliases
HostName destination.example
User me
ProxyJump interstitial # any alias of the jump host
```
and just run
```bash
ssh destination
```
And all of the connection info is handled for you. If the ports are not the default 22, you can add them to the config. Also, SSH tab-completes hosts in your config file, so you can probably just run `ssh de`\<TAB\>\<RETURN\>.
If multiple hops are required to reach the destination, just add an entry for each of them in _~/.ssh/config_ with a `ProxyJump` for the previous hop. You can also do multiple hops with `-J` by comma-separating them.
## Diagram
It's worth noting that all the SSH sessions with `ProxyJump` are direct from _your_ computer to each remote computer, no matter how many hops it takes. Tunnels are nested, not link-to-link. You don't need to forward your SSH agent.
```
+-----+ .-------------------------. +--------------+ +-------------+
| You |<=========nested=tunnel=to=destination=========>| Destination |
+-----+ \ tunnel to interstitial >| Interstitial | +-------------+
`-------------------------` +--------------+
```
[^1]: If you want local access to non-SSH resources available from the destination, you can do that. Add a `LocalForward` option on the destination server's config, which will bring them through the tunnel back to your local computer.
[openssh-7.3]: https://www.openssh.com/txt/release-7.3
[grove]: https://linux.codidact.com/posts/282493/282528#answer-282528
[canina]: https://linux.codidact.com/posts/282493/282494#answer-282494

#6: Post edited by

Michael‭ · 2023-10-25T18:58:15Z (6 months ago)
Workshop the first sentence some more.

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~~[Grove's answer][grove] is likewise good, but OpenSSH made it even easier to chain SSH hosts together with `ProxyJump` (`-J`), since 2016 when it was [introduced in v7.3][openssh-7.3].~~
```bash
ssh -J user@interstitial.example me@destination.example
```
Since access for most people doesn't change very often, it's nice to keep the details on disk. You can set them up in _~/.ssh/config_ like this:
```bash
Host interstitial jumper # any number of aliases
HostName interstitial.example
User user
Host destination # again, any number of aliases
HostName destination.example
User me
ProxyJump interstitial # any alias of the jump host
```
and just run
```bash
ssh destination
```
And all of the connection info is handled for you. If the ports are not the default 22, you can add them to the config. Also, SSH tab-completes hosts in your config file, so you can probably just run `ssh de`\<TAB\>\<RETURN\>.
If multiple hops are required to reach the destination, just add an entry for each of them in _~/.ssh/config_ with a `ProxyJump` for the previous hop. You can also do multiple hops with `-J` by comma-separating them.
"Real" port forwarding like [Canina's answer][canina] still has important uses,[^1] but chaining SSH hops doesn't have to be done that way.
[^1]: If you want local access to non-SSH resources available from the destination, you can do that. Add a `LocalForward` option on the destination server's config, which will bring them through the tunnel back to your local computer.
[openssh-7.3]: https://www.openssh.com/txt/release-7.3
[grove]: https://linux.codidact.com/posts/282493/282528#answer-282528
[canina]: https://linux.codidact.com/posts/282493/282494#answer-282494

[Grove's answer][grove] is likewise good, but OpenSSH introduced `ProxyJump` (`-J`) in 2016 [with v7.3][openssh-7.3], making it even easier to chain SSH hosts together:
```bash
ssh -J user@interstitial.example me@destination.example
```
Since access for most people doesn't change very often, it's nice to keep the details on disk. You can set them up in _~/.ssh/config_ like this:
```bash
Host interstitial jumper # any number of aliases
HostName interstitial.example
User user
Host destination # again, any number of aliases
HostName destination.example
User me
ProxyJump interstitial # any alias of the jump host
```
and just run
```bash
ssh destination
```
And all of the connection info is handled for you. If the ports are not the default 22, you can add them to the config. Also, SSH tab-completes hosts in your config file, so you can probably just run `ssh de`\<TAB\>\<RETURN\>.
If multiple hops are required to reach the destination, just add an entry for each of them in _~/.ssh/config_ with a `ProxyJump` for the previous hop. You can also do multiple hops with `-J` by comma-separating them.
"Real" port forwarding like [Canina's answer][canina] still has important uses,[^1] but chaining SSH hops doesn't have to be done that way.
[^1]: If you want local access to non-SSH resources available from the destination, you can do that. Add a `LocalForward` option on the destination server's config, which will bring them through the tunnel back to your local computer.
[openssh-7.3]: https://www.openssh.com/txt/release-7.3
[grove]: https://linux.codidact.com/posts/282493/282528#answer-282528
[canina]: https://linux.codidact.com/posts/282493/282494#answer-282494

#5: Post edited by

Michael‭ · 2023-10-25T16:49:53Z (6 months ago)
Mention port forwarding, in case it's important to someone.

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~~[Grove's answer][grove] is likewise good, but OpenSSH made it even easier to chain hosts together with `ProxyJump` (`-J`), introduced in [v7.3][openssh-7.3] in 2016. It's _so easy_ now.~~
```bash
ssh -J user@interstitial.example me@destination.example
```
~~Or set them up in _~/.ssh/config_ like this~~
```bash
Host interstitial jumper # any number of aliases
HostName interstitial.example
User user
Host destination # again, any number of aliases
HostName destination.example
User me
ProxyJump interstitial # any alias of the jump host
```
and just run
```bash
ssh destination
```
And all of the connection info is handled for you. If the ports are not 22, you can add them to the config. Also, SSH tab-completes hosts in your config file, so you can probably just run `ssh de`\<TAB\>\<RETURN\>.
If multiple hops are required to reach the destination, just add an entry for each of them in _~/.ssh/config_ with a `ProxyJump` for the previous hop. You can also do multiple hops with `-J` by comma-separating them.
~~Port forwarding like [Canina's answer][canina] still has important uses, but chaining SSH hops doesn't have to be done that way.~~
[openssh-7.3]: https://www.openssh.com/txt/release-7.3
[grove]: https://linux.codidact.com/posts/282493/282528#answer-282528
[canina]: https://linux.codidact.com/posts/282493/282494#answer-282494

[Grove's answer][grove] is likewise good, but OpenSSH made it even easier to chain SSH hosts together with `ProxyJump` (`-J`), since 2016 when it was [introduced in v7.3][openssh-7.3].
```bash
ssh -J user@interstitial.example me@destination.example
```
Since access for most people doesn't change very often, it's nice to keep the details on disk. You can set them up in _~/.ssh/config_ like this:
```bash
Host interstitial jumper # any number of aliases
HostName interstitial.example
User user
Host destination # again, any number of aliases
HostName destination.example
User me
ProxyJump interstitial # any alias of the jump host
```
and just run
```bash
ssh destination
```
And all of the connection info is handled for you. If the ports are not the default 22, you can add them to the config. Also, SSH tab-completes hosts in your config file, so you can probably just run `ssh de`\<TAB\>\<RETURN\>.
If multiple hops are required to reach the destination, just add an entry for each of them in _~/.ssh/config_ with a `ProxyJump` for the previous hop. You can also do multiple hops with `-J` by comma-separating them.
"Real" port forwarding like [Canina's answer][canina] still has important uses,[^1] but chaining SSH hops doesn't have to be done that way.
[^1]: If you want local access to non-SSH resources available from the destination, you can do that. Add a `LocalForward` option on the destination server's config, which will bring them through the tunnel back to your local computer.
[openssh-7.3]: https://www.openssh.com/txt/release-7.3
[grove]: https://linux.codidact.com/posts/282493/282528#answer-282528
[canina]: https://linux.codidact.com/posts/282493/282494#answer-282494

#4: Post edited by

Michael‭ · 2023-10-25T15:53:48Z (6 months ago)
Mention multiple hops.

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~~[Grove's answer][grove] is likewise good, but OpenSSH ([since v7.3][openssh-7.3] in 2016) made it easier still to chain hosts together with `ProxyJump` (`-J`). It's _so easy_ now.~~
```bash
ssh -J user@interstitial.example me@destination.example
```
Or set them up in _~/.ssh/config_ like this
```bash
Host interstitial jumper # any number of aliases
HostName interstitial.example
User user
Host destination # again, any number of aliases
HostName destination.example
User me
ProxyJump interstitial # any alias of the jump host
```
and just run
```bash
ssh destination
```
And all of the connection info is handled for you. If the ports are not 22, you can add them to the config. Also, SSH tab-completes hosts in your config file, so you can probably just run `ssh de`\<TAB\>\<RETURN\>.
[grove]: https://linux.codidact.com/posts/282493/282528#answer-282528
[openssh-7.3]: https://www.openssh.com/txt/release-7.3

[Grove's answer][grove] is likewise good, but OpenSSH made it even easier to chain hosts together with `ProxyJump` (`-J`), introduced in [v7.3][openssh-7.3] in 2016. It's _so easy_ now.
```bash
ssh -J user@interstitial.example me@destination.example
```
Or set them up in _~/.ssh/config_ like this
```bash
Host interstitial jumper # any number of aliases
HostName interstitial.example
User user
Host destination # again, any number of aliases
HostName destination.example
User me
ProxyJump interstitial # any alias of the jump host
```
and just run
```bash
ssh destination
```
And all of the connection info is handled for you. If the ports are not 22, you can add them to the config. Also, SSH tab-completes hosts in your config file, so you can probably just run `ssh de`\<TAB\>\<RETURN\>.
If multiple hops are required to reach the destination, just add an entry for each of them in _~/.ssh/config_ with a `ProxyJump` for the previous hop. You can also do multiple hops with `-J` by comma-separating them.
Port forwarding like [Canina's answer][canina] still has important uses, but chaining SSH hops doesn't have to be done that way.
[openssh-7.3]: https://www.openssh.com/txt/release-7.3
[grove]: https://linux.codidact.com/posts/282493/282528#answer-282528
[canina]: https://linux.codidact.com/posts/282493/282494#answer-282494

#3: Post edited by

Michael‭ · 2023-10-25T15:43:24Z (6 months ago)
floating "them" -> actual concrete noun.

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~~[Grove's answer][grove] is likewise good, but OpenSSH ([since v7.3][openssh-7.3] in 2016) made it easier still to chain them together with `ProxyJump` (`-J`). It's _so easy_ now.~~
```bash
ssh -J user@interstitial.example me@destination.example
```
Or set them up in _~/.ssh/config_ like this
```bash
Host interstitial jumper # any number of aliases
HostName interstitial.example
User user
Host destination # again, any number of aliases
HostName destination.example
User me
ProxyJump interstitial # any alias of the jump host
```
and just run
```bash
ssh destination
```
And all of the connection info is handled for you. If the ports are not 22, you can add them to the config. Also, SSH tab-completes hosts in your config file, so you can probably just run `ssh de`\<TAB\>\<RETURN\>.
[grove]: https://linux.codidact.com/posts/282493/282528#answer-282528
[openssh-7.3]: https://www.openssh.com/txt/release-7.3

[Grove's answer][grove] is likewise good, but OpenSSH ([since v7.3][openssh-7.3] in 2016) made it easier still to chain hosts together with `ProxyJump` (`-J`). It's _so easy_ now.
```bash
ssh -J user@interstitial.example me@destination.example
```
Or set them up in _~/.ssh/config_ like this
```bash
Host interstitial jumper # any number of aliases
HostName interstitial.example
User user
Host destination # again, any number of aliases
HostName destination.example
User me
ProxyJump interstitial # any alias of the jump host
```
and just run
```bash
ssh destination
```
And all of the connection info is handled for you. If the ports are not 22, you can add them to the config. Also, SSH tab-completes hosts in your config file, so you can probably just run `ssh de`\<TAB\>\<RETURN\>.
[grove]: https://linux.codidact.com/posts/282493/282528#answer-282528
[openssh-7.3]: https://www.openssh.com/txt/release-7.3

#2: Post edited by

Michael‭ · 2023-10-25T15:42:30Z (6 months ago)
Add version where ProxyJump was introduced

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~~[Grove's answer][grove] is likewise good, but newer versions of OpenSSH make it easier still to chain them together with `ProxyJump` (`-J`). It's _so easy_ now.~~
```bash
ssh -J user@interstitial.example me@destination.example
```
Or set them up in _~/.ssh/config_ like this
```bash
Host interstitial jumper # any number of aliases
HostName interstitial.example
User user
Host destination # again, any number of aliases
HostName destination.example
User me
ProxyJump interstitial # any alias of the jump host
```
and just run
```bash
ssh destination
```
And all of the connection info is handled for you. If the ports are not 22, you can add them to the config. Also, SSH tab-completes hosts in your config file, so you can probably just run `ssh de`\<TAB\>\<RETURN\>.
~~[grove]: https://linux.codidact.com/posts/282493/282528#answer-282528~~

[Grove's answer][grove] is likewise good, but OpenSSH ([since v7.3][openssh-7.3] in 2016) made it easier still to chain them together with `ProxyJump` (`-J`). It's _so easy_ now.
```bash
ssh -J user@interstitial.example me@destination.example
```
Or set them up in _~/.ssh/config_ like this
```bash
Host interstitial jumper # any number of aliases
HostName interstitial.example
User user
Host destination # again, any number of aliases
HostName destination.example
User me
ProxyJump interstitial # any alias of the jump host
```
and just run
```bash
ssh destination
```
And all of the connection info is handled for you. If the ports are not 22, you can add them to the config. Also, SSH tab-completes hosts in your config file, so you can probably just run `ssh de`\<TAB\>\<RETURN\>.
[grove]: https://linux.codidact.com/posts/282493/282528#answer-282528
[openssh-7.3]: https://www.openssh.com/txt/release-7.3

#1: Initial revision by

Michael‭ · 2023-10-25T15:35:36Z (6 months ago)

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[Grove's answer][grove] is likewise good, but newer versions of OpenSSH make it easier still to chain them together with `ProxyJump` (`-J`). It's _so easy_ now.

```bash
ssh -J user@interstitial.example me@destination.example
```

Or set them up in _~/.ssh/config_ like this

```bash
Host interstitial jumper # any number of aliases
    HostName interstitial.example
    User user

Host destination # again, any number of aliases
    HostName destination.example
    User me
    ProxyJump interstitial # any alias of the jump host
```

and just run

```bash
ssh destination
```

And all of the connection info is handled for you. If the ports are not 22, you can add them to the config. Also, SSH tab-completes hosts in your config file, so you can probably just run `ssh de`\<TAB\>\<RETURN\>.


[grove]: https://linux.codidact.com/posts/282493/282528#answer-282528

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